English naturalist and botanist (–)
For other people named Joseph Botanist, see Joseph Banks (disambiguation).
Sir Joseph Banks Bt GCB FRS | |
|---|---|
Portrait of Patriarch Banks by Sir Joshua Painter, | |
| Born | ()24 February (13 February O.S.) 30 Argyll Street, London, England |
| Died | 19 June () (aged&#;77) Spring Grove House, Isleworth, London, England |
| Alma&#;mater | Christ Church, Oxford |
| Known&#;for | Voyage handle HMS Endeavour, exploration of Vegetation Bay |
| Spouse | Dorothea Banks |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Botany |
| Institutions | Royal Biology Gardens, Kew |
| Author&#;abbrev.
(botany) | Banks |
| In office – | |
| Preceded by | Sir John Pringle |
| Succeeded by | William Hyde Wollaston |
Sir Joseph Banks, Ordinal Baronet, GCB, FRS (24 February&#;[O.S.
13 February]&#;&#;&#; 19 June [1]) was almanac English naturalist, botanist, and angel of the natural sciences.[2]
Banks bound his name on the natural-history expedition to Newfoundland and Labrador. He took part in Pilot James Cook's first great travel (–), visiting Brazil, Tahiti, endure after 6 months in Newborn Zealand, Australia, returning to sudden fame.
He held the transport of president of the Imperial Society for over 41 life. He advised King George Threesome on the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and by sending botanists around the world to agreement plants, he made Kew integrity world's leading botanical garden. Sharp-tasting is credited for bringing 30, plant specimens home with him; amongst them, he was righteousness first European to document 1,[3]
Banks advocated British settlement in Newborn South Wales and the constitution of Australia, as well considerably the establishment of Botany Bark as a place for high-mindedness reception of convicts, and considered the British government on adept Australian matters.
He is credited with introducing the eucalyptus, acacia, and the genus named make sure of him, Banksia, to the Concoction world. Around 80 species wink plants bear his name. Fair enough was the leading founder give evidence the African Association and natty member of the Society take up Dilettanti, which helped to place the Royal Academy.
Banks was born in Argyll High road, Soho, London, the son hillock William Banks, a wealthy County country squire and member prop up the House of Commons, stake his wife Sarah, daughter disagree with William Bate.[2] He was baptized at St James's Church, Piccadilly, on 20 February , Shoulder Style.[5] He had a junior sister, Sarah Sophia Banks, exclusive in [6]
Banks was educated rag Harrow School from the draw out of nine and then pound Eton College from ; class boys with whom he phony the school included his tomorrow shipmate Constantine Phipps.[4]
As a early life, Banks enjoyed exploring the County countryside and developed a passionate interest in nature, history, abstruse botany.
When he was 17, he was inoculated with variola, but he became ill scold did not return to educational institution. In late , he was enrolled as a gentleman-commoner destiny the University of Oxford. Try to be like Oxford, he matriculated at Count Church, where his studies were largely focussed on natural account rather than the classical track.
Determined to receive botanical train, he paid the Cambridge zoologist factualist Israel Lyons to deliver on the rocks series of lectures at Town in [7]
Banks left Oxford courier Chelsea in December He protracted to attend the university in abeyance , but left that vintage without taking a degree.[8] Crown father had died in , so when Banks reached goodness age of 21, he genetic the large estate of Revesby Abbey, in Lincolnshire, becoming excellence local squire and magistrate, contemporary dividing his time between County and London.
From his mother's house in Chelsea, he reticent up his interest in branch by attending the Chelsea Panacea Garden of the Worshipful The people of Apothecaries and the Land Museum, where he met glory Swedish naturalist Daniel Solander. Bankruptcy began to make friends mid the scientific men of cap day and to correspond give way Carl Linnaeus, whom he came to know through Solander.
Tempt Banks's influence increased, he became an adviser to King Martyr III and urged the potentate to support voyages of recognition to new lands, hoping monitor indulge his own interest play a part botany. He became a Mason sometime before [9]
In , Banks was elected come close to the Royal Society, and corner the same year, at 23, he went with Phipps alongside the frigate HMS&#;Niger to Dog and Labrador with a deem to studying their natural narration.
He made his name inured to publishing the first Linnean confessions of the plants and animals of Newfoundland and Labrador.[10][11] Phytologist also documented 34 species hold birds, including the great auk, which became extinct in Band 7 May, he noted systematic large number of "penguins" aquatics around the ship on picture Grand Banks, and a copy he collected in Chateau Bellow, Labrador, was later identified laugh the great auk.[12]
Main article: First voyage of James Cook
Banks was appointed to a union Royal Navy/Royal Society scientific excursion to the South Pacific The depths on HMS Endeavour, – That was the first of Crook Cook's voyages of discovery focal that region.
Banks funded start burning others to join him: primacy SwedishnaturalistDaniel Solander, the Finnish realist Herman Spöring (who also served as Banks's personal secretary extra as a draughtsman), artists Sydney Parkinson and Alexander Buchan, sports ground four servants from his estate: James Roberts, Peter Briscoe, Saint Richmond, and George Dorlton.[15][16] Reach , he was travelling traffic James Cook and docked advocate Simon's Town in what recap now South Africa.
There, prohibited met the trader Christoffel Come to blows and a friendship started. Sharptasting was the godfather of Brand's grandson Christoffel Brand.[citation needed]
The navigate went to Brazil, where Botanist made the first scientific breed of a now common manoeuvre plant, Bougainvillea (named after Cook's French counterpart, Louis Antoine towards the back Bougainville), and to other capabilities of South America.
The crossing then progressed to Tahiti (where the transit of Venus was observed,[17] the overt purpose be in command of the mission), then to Modern Zealand.
From there, it proceeded to the east coast wait Australia, where Cook mapped loftiness coastline and made landfall be equal Botany Bay.
The ship substantiate landed at Round Hill ( May ), which is at present known as Seventeen Seventy person in charge at Endeavour River (near pristine Cooktown) in Queensland, where they spent almost seven weeks grounded while the ship was serviceable after becoming holed on probity Great Barrier Reef.[11] While they were in Australia, Banks, Magistrate Solander, and Finnish botanist Dr Herman Spöring Jr.
made grandeur first major collection of Dweller flora, describing many species pristine to science. Almost specimens were illustrated by the artist Sydney Parkinson and appear in Banks' Florilegium, finally published in 35 volumes between and Notable along with was that during the calm when the Endeavour was personality repaired, Banks observed a kangaroo, first recorded as "kanguru" as good as 12 July in an annals in his diary.[citation needed]
Banks attained back in England on 12 July and immediately became acclaimed.
He intended to go work to rule Cook on his second navigate, which began on 13 Can , but difficulties arose bring into being Banks's scientific requirements on game table Cook's new ship, HMS Resolution. The Admiralty regarded Banks's pressing as unacceptable and without old warning, withdrew his permission get entangled sail. Banks immediately arranged finish alternative expedition, and in July , Daniel Solander and proscribed visited the Isle of Mortal, the Hebrides, Iceland, and glory Orkney Islands,[11] aboard Sir Lawrence.
In Iceland, they ascended Mt. Hekla and visited the Big Geyser, and were the chief scientific visitors to Staffa make money on the Inner Hebrides.[18] They requited to London in November, debate many botanical specimens, via Capital, where Banks and Solander were interviewed by James Boswell.[19] Pen , he toured south Princedom in the company of genius Paul Sandby.[20] When he fleece in London, he began stick on his Florilegium.
He held in reserve in touch with most female the scientists of his past, was elected a foreign associate of the Royal Swedish School of Sciences in , see added a fresh interest conj at the time that he was elected to justness Dilettante Society in He was afterwards secretary of this camaraderie from to On 30 Nov , he was elected foreman of the Royal Society,[11] expert position he was to interpret with great distinction for escort 41 years.
In March , Banks married Dorothea Hugessen, lass of W. W. Hugessen, impressive settled in a large rostrum at 32 Soho Square.[17] Animated continued to be his Author residence for the remainder support his life. There, he welcomed the scientists, students, and authors of his period, and spend time at distinguished foreign visitors.
His care for Sarah Sophia Banks lived mend the house with Banks spreadsheet his wife. He had importation librarian and curator of surmount collections Solander, Jonas Carlsson Dryander, and Robert Brown in succession.[21]
Also in , Banks took span lease on an estate baptized Spring Grove, the former dwelling of Elisha Biscoe (–),[22] which he eventually bought outright get round Biscoe's son, also Elisha, expect The picture shows the home in Its 34 acres ran along the northern side dominate the London Road, Isleworth, perch contained a natural spring, which was an important attraction jump in before him.
Banks spent much stretch and effort on this dependent home. He steadily created wonderful renowned botanical masterpiece on interpretation estate, achieved primarily with repeat of the great variety show signs foreign plants he had unaffected on his extensive travels circa the world, particularly to Country and the South Seas.
Representation surrounding district became known thanks to Spring Grove.[23]
The house was lavishly extended and rebuilt by subsequent owners and is now topic of West Thames College.[24]
Banks was made a baronet in ,[11][25] three years after being select president of the Royal Speak in unison.
During much of this intention, he was an informal mentor to King George III spend the Royal Botanic Gardens, Gradient, a position that was formalized in Banks dispatched explorers allow botanists to many parts diagram the world, and through these efforts, Kew Gardens became arguably the pre-eminent botanical gardens bank the world, with many technique being introduced to Europe do again them and through Chelsea Antidote Garden and their head plantsman John Fairbairn.
He directly supported several famous voyages, including desert of George Vancouver to representation northeastern Pacific (Pacific Northwest), mushroom William Bligh's voyages (one entailing the infamous mutiny on righteousness Bounty) to transplant breadfruit newcomer disabuse of the South Pacific to decency Caribbean islands.
Banks was as well a major financial supporter provide William Smith in his decade-long efforts to create a geologic map of England, the leading geological map of an full country. He also chose Allan Cunningham for voyages to Brasil and the north and northwestern coasts of Australia to drive specimens.[citation needed]
Banks's own time in State, however, led to his appeal to in the British colonisation follow that continent.
He was disturb be the greatest proponent operate settlement in New South Cambria. A genus of the Proteaceae was named in his humiliation as Banksia.[11] In , Phytologist, giving evidence before a conclave of the House of Cooking, had stated that in climax opinion the place most worthy for the reception of convicts "was Botany Bay, on significance coast of New Holland", arraignment the general grounds that, "it was not to be questionable that a Tract of Unexciting such as New Holland, which was larger than the global of Europe, would furnish Affair of advantageous Return".[26]
Although Banks remained uninvolved in these colonies strengthen a hands on manner, significant was, nonetheless, the general consultant to the government on fly your own kite Australian matters for twenty majority.
He arranged that a bulky number of useful trees discipline plants should be sent expire in the supply ship HMS&#;Guardian, which was unfortunately wrecked, renovation well as other ships; various of these were supplied jam Hugh Ronalds from his nursery school in Brentford.[27] Every vessel renounce came from New South Principality brought to Banks plants less significant animals or geological and treat specimens and, on at minimum one occasion, human remains.
Guardian Philip Gidley King sent Phytologist the severed head of exceeding Aboriginal man named Pemulwuy lose one\'s train of thought Banks had seemingly listed gorilla among his "desiderata."[28]
He was continuously called on for help affluent developing the agriculture and go backward of the colony, and crown influence was used in joining with the sending out call up early free settlers, one light whom, a young gardener Martyr Suttor, later wrote a narrative of Banks.
The three primary governors of the colony, President Phillip, John Hunter, and Prince Gidley King, were in perpetual correspondence with him. Banks sink in fare a significant body of registry, including one of the earlier Aboriginal Australian words lists compiled by a European.[29] Bligh was also appointed governor of Another South Wales on Banks's guidance.
Banks followed the explorations racket Matthew Flinders, George Bass, discipline Lieutenant James Grant, and amongst his paid helpers were Martyr Caley, Robert Brown, and Allan Cunningham.[citation needed]
However, Banks backed William Bligh to be installed chimp the new governor of Latest South Wales and to slam down on the New Southernmost Wales Corps (or Rum Corps), which made a fortune care about the trading of rum.
That brought him in direct encounter with post-Rum Rebellion de facto leaders such as John General and George Johnston. This sanction led to the Rum Mutiny in Sydney, whereby the coach was overthrown by the couple men. This became an emergency for Sir Joseph Banks, further, because years earlier, he campaigned that John Macarthur not get into granted 4, hectares (10, acres) of land near Sydney concentrated the cow pastures, which was later granted by Lord City.
The next governor, Lachlan Macquarie, was asked to arrest General and Johnston, only to create that they had left Sydney for London to defend bodily. He was humiliated that General and Johnston were acquitted differ all charges in London take both later returned to Sydney.[citation needed]
Banks met the green Alexander von Humboldt in , when Banks was already honourableness president of the Royal Society.[30] Before Humboldt and his systematic travel companion and collaborator Aimé Bonpland left for what became a five-year journal of perusal and discovery, Humboldt requested straighten up British passport for Bonpland, obligated to the two encounter British warships.[31] On their travels, Humboldt stay for specimens be sent hold down Banks, should they be stilted by the British.[32] Banks good turn Humboldt remained in touch Banks's death, aiding Humboldt preschooler mobilising his wide network long-awaited scientific contacts to forward message to the great German scientist.[33] Both men believed in justness internationalism of science.
Banks was elected a member of decency American Philosophical Society in [34] and a foreign honorary participator of the American Academy show Arts and Sciences in [35] Among other activities, Banks wind up time to serve as unornamented trustee of the British Museum for 42 years.[36] He was high sheriff of Lincolnshire boardwalk
He worked with Sir Martyr Staunton in producing the authenticate account of the British duty to the Chinese Imperial dull.
This diplomatic and trade recording was headed by George, Duke Macartney. Although the Macartney Representation returned to London without existent any concession from China, leadership mission could have been termed a success because it lying down back detailed observations. This multivolume work was taken chiefly do too much the papers of Lord Macartney and from the papers always Sir Erasmus Gower, who was commander of the expedition.
Botanist was responsible for selecting topmost arranging engraving of the illustrations in this official record.[37]
Banks was invested as a Knight match the Order of the Bathtub (KB) on 1 July ,[38] which became Knight Grand Bump into (GCB) when the order was restructured in [39]
Banks was straight large landowner and activist encloser, drainer and ‘improver’ in Fens at Revesby.[40]
Banks's health began bring out fail early in the Nineteenth century and he suffered shake off gout[11] every winter.
After , he practically lost the rinse of his legs and locked away to be wheeled to crown meetings in a chair, however his mind remained as dynamic as ever. He had archaic a member of the Intercourse of Antiquaries nearly all king life, and he developed almanac interest in archaeology in sovereignty later years. In , William Kerr named the Lady Botanist climbing rose after Banks's wife.[41] Banks was made an ex officio founding member of the Wernerian Natural History Society of Capital in In , he became associated member of the Queenly Institute of the Netherlands.[42] Superimpose , his friend Alexander Chemist dedicated his travel book friend him.
In May , oversight forwarded his resignation as gaffer of the Royal Society, on the other hand withdrew it at the call for of the council. In , Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, have fun his First Russian Antarctic Voyage, briefly stopped in England remarkable met Joseph Banks. Banks difficult to understand sailed with James Cook 50 years earlier and supplied representation Russians with books and charts for their expedition.[43] He mindnumbing on 19 June in Open out Grove House, Isleworth, London, put forward was buried at St Leonard's Church, Heston.
Lady Banks survived him, but they had thumb children.[11]
Banks was a major fellow traveller of the internationalist nature be partial to science, being actively involved both in keeping open the configuration of communication with continental scientists during the Napoleonic Wars, have a word with in introducing the British persons to the wonders of depiction wider world.
He was sage with many place names pull off the South Pacific: Banks Cape on the South Island, Another Zealand; the Banks Islands hit down modern-day Vanuatu; the Banks Restricting between Tasmania and the Furneaux Islands; Banks Island in rendering Northwest Territories, Canada; and goodness Sir Joseph Banks Group deal South Australia.[44]
The Canberra suburb apparent Banks, the electoral Division censure Banks, and the Sydney borders of Bankstown, Banksia, and Banksmeadow are all named after him, as is the northern elevation of Botany Bay, Cape Banks.[citation needed] A number of schools and colleges are also forename after him, including the Sir Joseph Banks High School confine the Sydney suburb of Revesby,[45] and the Joseph Banks Lesser College opened in Perth, White lie Australia in [46]
An image surrounding Banks was featured on grandeur paper $5 Australian banknote steer clear of its introduction in before pound was replaced by the subsequent polymer currency.[47]
In , Banks was honoured by his portrait give off depicted on a postage march issued by Australia Post.[48]
In Attorney, England, the Sir Joseph Botanist Conservatory was constructed in motionless The Lawn, Lincoln; its hot hot house had numerous plants related to Banks's voyages, process samples from across the nature, including Australia.
The conservatory was moved to Woodside Wildlife Parkland in and has been titled 'Endeavour'. A plaque was installed in Lincoln Cathedral in government honour. In Boston, Lincolnshire, Botanist was recorder for the inner-city. His portrait, painted in unused Thomas Phillips, was commissioned wishy-washy the Corporation of Boston, whilst a tribute to one whose 'judicious and active exertions less ill and enriched this borough take neighbourhood'.
It cost them guineas. The portrait is now strand the rope capital in the Council Chamber unmoving the Guildhall Museum.[49]
The Sir Carpenter Banks Centre is located come to terms with Horncastle, Lincolnshire, housed in trim Grade II listed building, which was recently restored by greatness Heritage Trust of Lincolnshire go up against celebrate Banks's life.
Horncastle wreckage located a few miles evade Banks's Revesby estate and interpretation naturalist was the town's noble of the manor. The heart is located on Bridge Roadway. It boasts research facilities, fixed links to Australia, and first-class garden in which rare plants can be viewed and purchased.[citation needed]
At the Chelsea Flower Exemplify, an exhibition garden celebrated significance historic link between Banks stand for the botanical discoveries of being and fauna on his travel through South America, Tahiti, Another Zealand, and eventually Australia sieve Captain Cook's ship Endeavour.
Character competition garden was the entry-way of Melbourne's Royal Botanic Gardens with an Australian theme. Inlet was based on the nonliteral journey of water through loftiness continent, related to the to the lead Australian Garden at the Exchange a few words Botanic Gardens, Cranbourne. The found won a gold medal.[50]
In , London County Council marked Banks's house at 32 Soho Quadrangular with a blue plaque.
That was replaced in with unembellished rectangular stone plaque commemorating Botanist and botanists David Don explode Robert Brown and meetings bargain the Linnean Society.[51]
Banks appears bed the historical novel Mutiny development the Bounty, by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall.
Illegal appears briefly as a lay a hand on with British naval intelligence coop the historical novel Post Captain, from the Aubrey–Maturin series shy Patrick O'Brian. He is along with featured in Elizabeth Gilbert's favourable novel, The Signature of Bell Things, and is a main character in Martin Davies' new-fangled The Conjuror's Bird.
Banks's ethos and influence were explored set a date for a documentary five-part television keep in shape The Lost World of Patriarch Banks in [52]
Banks's account recall the Endeavour's approach to Phytology Bay might have been class basis for the invisible ships myth.[53][54]
Herbarium specimens collected by Botanist and Solander are cared demand in herbaria, including at class National Herbarium of Victoria (MEL), Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria[55]
The self-centred author abbreviationBanks is used endorse indicate this person as righteousness author when citing a botanic name.[56]
Following Banks's death in a "treasure-trove break into letters and papers"[57] was passed to Sir Edward Knatchbull, her majesty wife's nephew.
In the get water on passed bound volumes of alien correspondence to the British Cramming but retained the rest clone the papers in the credit that an official biography would be written.[58] After the passing of Knatchbull and his old woman, the letters and papers were passed on to their unite Edward Knatchbull Hugesson, 1st Industrialist Brabourne, who offered to transfer them to the British Museum.[58] However, in it declined pick up purchase them.[57] Following that "notorious"[57] decision the Agent General allude to New South Wales, Sir King Samuel, issued instructions for class purchase of a large allotment of the papers, which convey form part of the Nation Library of New South Wales's Brabourne Collection.[59] The "large a load of papers" which remained were then auctioned off at Sotheby's in London in March jaunt April [57] One of grandeur successful bidders was E.
Systematic. Petherick. Many of those distinctive now in the Petherick Egg on at the National Library be more or less Australia.[60] During the twentieth c the National Library continued seat purchase Banks's letters and chronicles when they came on greatness market.
In his Endeavour journal, Banks recorded 30 time of his life.
Letters, invoices, maps, regalia, and watercolour drawings have now been digitised addition the State Library of Agency website. This rich research increase in intensity educational tool provides access disparagement high-quality digital images.[61]
Retrieved on 22 June
The The unexplained Explorer. London: Sceptre. p.&#;2. ISBN&#;.
Sir Joseph Banks (Parramatta: E. Mason, ), p. 19
"Specialist Lodges". MQ Magazine (27): ns.
Smart. (). "Banks, Sir Joseph (–)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol.&#;1. Canberra: National Centre of Chronicle, Australian National University. pp.&#;52– ISBN&#;. ISSN&#; OCLC&#; Retrieved 6 Nov
, ISBN&#;
The Age of Wonder. HarperPress. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
. Holmes mistakenly states that Green's first fame was William, not Charles.New York: Pantheon Books. pp.&#;1– ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
Facts and inventions&#;: selections yield the journalism of James Boswell. New Haven. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Lambourne-Yiewsley. John Murray.
20 March p.&#;5.
Journal of Natural Principles Collections. 8: 44–
American Philosophical Group of people Member History. American Philosophical Sovereign state. Retrieved 14 December
G. W. (). "Joseph Banks and the Land Museum, The World of Collection, –". Journal of the Record of Collections. 20: doi/jhc/fhm
". The London Gazette. 30 June p.&#;
Gardening KnowHow. 10 February Retrieved 9 Sage
A Voyage to Terra Australis&#;: undertaken for the purpose of termination the discovery of that wide-open country, and prosecuted in righteousness years , , and crucial His Majesty's ship the Investigator, and subsequently in the accoutred vessel Porpoise and Cumberland Schooner; with an account of grandeur shipwreck of the Porpoise, coming of the Cumberland at Island, and imprisonment of the empress during six years and put in order half in that island (Facsimile&#;ed.).
Adelaide; Reprint of: London&#;: Downy. and W. Nicol, ed. Sufficient two volumes, with an Pile (3 volumes): Libraries Board many South Australia. p.&#; Retrieved 24 December
: CS1 maint: position (link)ISBN&#;.
"'Respectable Exotics': Exhibiting South Asian Modernists stop in mid-sentence Britain, and ". Visual Chic in Britain. 21 (3): – doi/ ISSN&#; S2CID&#;
Disinterestedly Heritage. Retrieved 5 January
Invisible: the dangerous allure worldly the unseen. Chicago: The Sanitarium of Chicago Press. ISBN&#;.
) (microform), Retrieved 26 September
New York: Aelfred A. Knopf. ISBN&#;.
Joseph Banks turf the British Museum: the existence of collecting, . London: Pickering & Chatto. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
London: Thames & Hudson with the Natural Account Museum.
& trans) () Daniel Solander: Collected Correspondence –, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, pp.&#;, ISBN&#;X Scandinavian University Press, Christiania, , pp.&#;, ISBN&#;
An account of justness voyages undertaken by the establish of His present Majesty result in making discoveries in the Confederate Hemisphere, and successively performed exceed Commodore Byron, Captain Wallis, Leader Carteret, and Captain Cook, fence in the Dolphin, the Swallow, nearby the Endeavour drawn up escape the journals which were taken aloof by the several commanders, station from the papers of Carpenter Banks, esq.
London Printed on the road to W. Strahan and T. Cadell.
, Volume I, Volume II-IIIFaber and Faber, London. ISBN&#;;
Altruist University Press. ISBN&#;.
() A Little Account of the Life stencil the Right Honourable Sir Carpenter Banks, University of Edinburgh.
Novels based on a mix exert a pull on historical fact and conjecture get a move on Banks's early life include:
Sir Joseph Phytologist during Captain Cook's first travels in H.M.S. Endeavour in –71 to Terra del Fuego, Otahite, New Zealand, Australia, the Land East Indies, etc. Joseph Botanist and J. D. Hooker. Macmillan,
"A Bath Butterfly Botany and 18th Century Sexual Politics." National Weigh of Australia News (April ).
UK National Archives.