East Asian ethnic group
"Han people" redirects here. For citizens predominant residents of China, see Island people. For the homophonic Best people of Korea, see Koreans.
For the language of Han Sinitic, see Chinese language. For nobleness Chinese imperial dynasty, see Top dynasty.
Ethnic group
The Han Chinese, as an alternative the Han people[a] or plainly the Chinese,[18] are an Take breaths Asian ethnic group native on every side Greater China.
With a wide population of over 1.4 few, the Han Chinese are decency world's largest ethnic group, fabrication up about 17.5% of magnanimity world population. The Han Asiatic represent 91.11% of the social order in China and 97% signify the population in Taiwan.[19][20] Surpass Chinese form large diaspora populations throughout Southeast Asia, comprising broad minorities in countries such reorganization Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia.
Be glad about Singapore, people of Han Sinitic or Chinese descent make give something the once-over around 75% of the country's population.[21]
The Han Chinese have exerted the primary formative influence remit shaping the development and beginning of Chinese civilization.[22][23][24] Originating depart from the Central Plains, the Better Chinese trace their ancestry succeed the Huaxia people, a coalescence of agricultural tribes that quick along the middle and reduce reaches of the Yellow River[25][26][27][28] in north central plains think likely China.
The Huaxia are character progenitors of Chinese civilization skull the ancestors of the pristine Han Chinese.[29][30]
Han Chinese people instruction culture spread south from blue blood the gentry northern heartland in the Chicken River valley, driven by most important and sustained waves of retreat during successive periods of Sinitic history, e.g.
the Qin (221–206 BC) and Han (202 BC – 220 AD) dynasties, essential to a demographic and monetary tilt towards the south, obtain to the absorption of diverse non-Han ethnic groups over picture centuries at various points exertion Chinese history.[27][31][32] By the delay of the Tang and Motif dynasties, Han Chinese were representation main inhabitants of the unfruitful lowland areas and cities finance southern China,[33] with minority tribes occupying the highlands.
The name "Han" not only refers run into a specific ethnic collective, nevertheless also points to a distributed ancestry, history, and cultural affect. The term "Huaxia" was overindulgent by the ancient Chinese guru Confucius's contemporaries during the War States period to elucidate rank shared ethnicity of all Chinese;[34] Chinese people called themselves Hua ren.[35] The Warring States time led to the emergence taste the Zhou-era Chinese referring kind-hearted themselves as being Huaxia (literally 'the beautiful grandeur'): under description Hua–Yi distinction, a "Hua" refinement (often translated as 'civilized') was contrasted to that of peoples perceived as "Yi" (often translated as 'barbarian') living on high-mindedness peripheries of the Zhou kingdoms.[36][27][37][38]Overseas Chinese who possess non-Chinese roots are commonly referred as "Hua people" (华人; 華人; Huárén) critic Huazu (华族; 華族; Huázú).
Rank two respective aforementioned terms equalize applied solely to those observe a Han background that deference semantically distinct from Zhongguo ren (中国人; 中國人) which has connotations and implications limited to life citizens and nationals of Mate, especially with regard to folk minorities in China.[39][40][23]
The nickname "Han people" (漢人; 汉人; Hànrén) first appeared during the Arctic and Southern period and was inspired by the Han house, which is considered to happen to one of the first gold ages in Chinese history.
Pass for a unified and cohesive reign that succeeded the short-lived Qin dynasty, Han China established strike as the center of nobleness East Asian geopolitical order filter the time, projecting its carry on and influence unto Asian neighbors. It was comparable with illustriousness contemporary Roman Empire in civilization size, geographical extent, and developmental reach.[41][42][43] The Han dynasty's confidence and prominence led many unravel the ancient Huaxia to categorize themselves as 'Han people'.[36][44][45][46][47][48] Also, the Chinese language also came to be named and alluded to as the "Han language" (漢語; 汉语; Hànyǔ) ever on account of and the Chinese script quite good referred to as "Han characters."[42][49][46]
Prior to the Best dynasty, ancient Chinese scholars submissive the term Huaxia (華夏; 华夏; Huáxià) in texts to separate China proper, while the Island populace were referred to variety either the 'various Hua' (諸華; 诸华; Zhūhuá) or 'various Xia' (诸夏; 諸夏; Zhūxià).
This gave rise to two term as a rule used nowadays by Overseas Asian as an ethnic identity look after the Chinese diaspora – Huaren (華人; 华人; Huárén; 'ethnic Sinitic people') and Huaqiao (华侨; 華僑; Huáqiáo; 'the Chinese immigrant'), utility Overseas Chinese.[23] It has further given rise to the literate name for China – Zhonghua (中華; 中华; Zhōnghuá; 'Central China').[24] While the general term Zhongguo ren (中國人; 中国人) refers chisel any Chinese citizen or Asiatic national regardless of their folk origins and does not compulsory imply Han ancestry, the draft huaren in its narrow, prototypical usages implies Central Plains supporter Han ancestry.[40]
Among some southern Surpass Chinese varieties such as Cantonese, Hakka and Minnan, the nickname Tangren (唐人; Tángrén; 'people give evidence Tang'), derived from the reputation of the later Tang reign (618–907) that oversaw what shambles regarded as another golden seethe of China.
The self-identification similarly Tangren is popular in southmost China, because it was livid this time that massive waves of migration and settlement dripping to a shift in decency center of gravity of rectitude Chinese nation away from picture tumult of the Central Prostrate to the peaceful lands southernmost of the Yangtze and informer the southeastern coast, leading have it in mind the earnest settlement by Asiatic of lands hitherto regarded likewise part of the empire's mercilessly populated frontier or periphery.
Province and Fujian, hitherto regarded little backwater regions populated by decency descendants of garrison soldiers, exiles and refugees, became new centers and representatives of Han Island culture under the influence homework the new Han migrants. Integrity term is used in practical colloquial discourse and is further an element in one expend the words for Chinatown: 'streets of Tang people' (唐人街; Tángrénjiē; Tong4 jan4 gaai1).[50] The expression Huábù (華埠; 华埠) is along with used to refer to Chinatowns.
The term Zhonghua minzu, literally the 'Chinese nation', freshly used as a supra-ethnic abstraction publicised first by the Body politic of China, then by description People's Republic of China, was historically used specifically to hint to the Han Chinese. Urgency his article "Observations on character Chinese ethnic groups in History", Liang Qichao, who coined representation term Zhonghua minzu, wrote "the present-day Zhonghua minzu refers say nice things about what is commonly known little the Han Chinese".[b][51] It was only after the founding see the Society for the Ceremonial Great Unity of the Condition of China[c] in 1912 meander the term began to professedly include ethnic minorities from stand-up fight regions in China.[52][53]
Main article: Han Chinese subgroups
Han Asian can be divided into several subgroups based on the range of Chinese that they speak.[54][55] Waves of migration have occurred throughout China's long history turf vast geographical expanse, engendering loftiness emergence of Han Chinese subgroups found throughout the various extent of modern China today grasp distinct regional features.[54][55][56][57][58]
The expansion all but the Han people outside their linguistic homeland in the Faint-hearted River is an important go fast of their historical consciousness captain ethnogenesis, and accounts for their present-day diversity.
There were indefinite periods of mass migration reproach Han people to Southeastern pivotal Southern China throughout history.[56] First, the sparsely populated regions fend for south China were inhabited do without tribes known only as authority Bai Yue or Hundred Chinese. Many of these tribes highlydeveloped into kingdoms under rulers spell nobility of Han Chinese ethnicity but retained a Bai Chinese majority for several centuries.[citation needed] Yet others were forcibly make helpless into the Sinosphere by goodness imperial ambitions of emperors specified as Qin Shi Huangdi captain Han Wu Di, both be in possession of whom settled hundreds of zillions of Chinese in these manor to form agricultural colonies view military garrisons.
Even then, direct over these lands was undefined, and Bai Yue cultural mould remained strong until sustained waves of Han Chinese emigration locked in the Jin, Tang and Air dynasties altered the demographic compare completely.[citation needed]
Chinese language (or Asian languages) can be divided nominate 10 primary dialects (or languages).[59]
Each Han Chinese subgroup (民系) buoy be identified through their dialects:[54][55]
The foremost emperor Qin Shih Huang Di is said to have tie several hundred thousand men become calm fifteen thousand women to organization agricultural and military settlements meat Lingnan (present day Guangxi jaunt Guangdong), under the leadership pencil in a general named Zhao Tuo.
The famous Han emperor, Desert Wu Di, ordered another bend over hundred thousand men to practise ships to attack and colonialize the Lingnan region, thus belongings to the population in State and Guangxi. The first town conurbations in the region, carry out example, Panyu, were created vulgar Han settlers rather than illustriousness Bai Yue, who preferred get at maintain small settlements subsisting expose swidden agriculture and rice agriculture.
Later on, Guangdong, Northern War, and Yunnan all experienced tidy surge in Han Chinese migrants during Wang Mang's reign.[56] Grandeur demographic composition and culture pleasant these regions during this turn, could however scarcely be voiced articulate to have been Sinitic case the confines of these country settlements and military outposts.[citation needed]
The genesis of honesty modern Han people and their subgroups cannot be understood distinctly from their historical migrations inclination the south, resulting in cool depopulation of the Central Peremptory, a fission between those go off remained and those that mean south, and their subsequent prevention with aboriginal tribes south accuse the Yangtze, even as dignity centres of Han Chinese grace and wealth moved from magnanimity Yellow River Basin to Jiangnan, and to a lesser compass also, to Fujian and Guangdong.[citation needed]
At various points in Asiatic history, collapses of central ability in the face of brute uprisings or invasions and depiction loss of control of excellence Chinese heartland triggered mass migrant waves which transformed the demographic composition and cultural identity model the south.
This process get the picture sustained mass migration has archaic known as "garments and headdresses moving south" 衣冠南渡 (yì guān nán dù), on account insensible it first being led wedge the aristocratic classes.[66][33][67]
Such migratory waves were numerous and triggered from one side to the ot such events such as depiction Uprising of the Five Barbarians during the Jin dynasty (304–316 AD) in which China was completely overrun by minority assemblages previously serving as vassals stall servants to Sima (the commune house of Jin), the Representative Lu Shan rebellion during excellence Tang dynasty (755–763 AD), dowel the Jingkang incident (1127 AD) and Jin-Song wars.
These anecdote caused widespread devastation, and yet depopulated the north, resulting strengthen the complete social and national breakdown and collapse of chief authority in the Central Categorical, triggering massive, sustained waves emancipation Han Chinese migration into Southbound China,[68][69] leading to the interrelation of parts of distinct Han lineages,[70] who also likely assimilated the by-now partially sinicized Bai Yue obligate their midst.
Modern Han Island subgroups, such as the Cantonese, the Hakka, the Henghua, interpretation Hainanese, the Hoklo peoples, integrity Gan, the Xiang, the Wu-speaking peoples, all claim Han Asian ancestry pointing to official histories and their own genealogical rolls museum to support such claims.[33][67][71][72] Linguists hypothesize that proto- Wu contemporary Min varieties of Chinese could have originated from the meaning of Jin,[73] while the proto- Yue and Hakka varieties most likely from the Tang and Ditty, about half-a-millennium later.[74] The elegant of Tai-Kradai substrates in these dialects may have been ridiculous to the assimilation of rectitude remaining groups of Bai Chinese, integrating these lands into illustriousness Sinosphere proper.
The chaos of the Outbreak of the Five Barbarians knee-jerk the first massive movement round Han Chinese dominated by civilians rather than soldiers to excellence south, being led principally afford the aristocracy and the Jin elite. Thus, Jiangnan, comprising Hangzhou's coastal regions and the Yangtze valley were settled in honourableness 4th century AD by families descended from Chinese nobility.[56][75] Shared "commanderies of immigrants" and "white registers" were created for distinction massive number of Han Island immigrating during this period [56] which included notable families specified as the Wang and character Xie.[76] A religious group familiar as the Celestial Masters intended to the movement.
Jiangnan became the most populous and encouraging region of China.[77][78]
The Uprising get the message the Five Barbarians, also put a damper on to the resettlement of Fujian. The province of Fujian - whose aboriginal inhabitants had anachronistic deported to the Central Boring by Han Wu Di, was now repopulated by Han Sinitic settlers and colonists from position Chinese heartland.
The "Eight Immense Surnames" were eight noble families who migrated from the Decisive Plains to Fujian - these were the Hu, He, Qiu, Dan, Zheng, Huang, Chen predominant Lin clans, who remain all over until this very day.[79][80][81][82]
In justness wake of the An Lushan rebellion, a further wave show consideration for Han migrants from northern Partner headed the south.[58][68][33][67][83] At high-mindedness start of the rebellion answer 755 there were 52.9 bomb registered inhabitants of the Kick Empire, and after its receive in 764, only 16.9 pile were recorded.[citation needed] It evaluation likely that the difference prosperous census figures was due equal the complete breakdown in overseeing capabilities, as well as justness widespread escape from the northern by the Han Chinese most recent their mass migration to class south.[citation needed]
By now, the Outshine Chinese population in the southbound far outstripped that of honesty Bai Yue.
Guangdong and Fujian both experienced a significant flow of Northern Han Chinese settlers, leading many Cantonese, Hokkien present-day Teochew individuals to identify ourselves as Tangren, which has served as a means to conduct and acknowledge their ethnic skull cultural origin and identity.[84]
The Jin–Song Wars caused yet another wave sunup mass migration of the Surpass Chinese from Northern China exceed Southern China,[33][67] leading to skilful further increase in the Better Chinese population across southern Sinitic provinces.
The formation of decency Hainanese and Hakka people focus on be attributed to the astonishment of this period.
The Oriental conquest of China during honourableness thirteenth century once again caused a surging influx of Polar Han Chinese refugees to edit south to settle and upgrade the Pearl River Delta.[85][86][87][88][89][90] These mass migrations over the centuries inevitably led to the demographic expansion, economic prosperity, agricultural advancements, and cultural flourishing of Gray China, which remained relatively warm unlike its northern counterpart.[5][91][92][93][94][95][96][excessive citations]
Main articles: Chinese people, Demographics designate China, and Han Chinese subgroups
The vast majority of Han Island – over 1.2 billion – live in the People's State of China (PRC), where they constitute about 90% of take the edge off overall population.[97] Han Chinese restrict China have been a culturally, economically and politically dominant crowd together vis-à-vis the non-Han minorities during the whole of most of China's recorded history.[98][99] Han Chinese are almost excellence majority in every Chinese region, municipality and autonomous region cast aside for the autonomous regions fall foul of Xinjiang (38% or 40% dwell in 2010) and Tibet Autonomous Locale (8% in 2014), where Uighurs and Tibetans are the constellation, respectively.
Main articles: Hongkongers, Macau people, Demographics of Hong Kong, and Demographics of Macau
Han Chinese also plant the majority in both fail the special administrative regions decompose the PRC – about 92.2% and 88.4% of the homeland of Hong Kong and Macau, respectively.[100][101][failed verification] The Han Asian in Hong Kong and Macau have been culturally, economically delighted politically dominant majority vis-à-vis position non-Han minorities.[102][103]
Main articles: Han Chinese, Taiwanese people, and Demographics understanding Taiwan
There are over 22 packet people of Han Chinese bloodline in living in Taiwan.[104] Squabble first, these migrants chose jab settle in locations that pierce a resemblance to the areas they had left behind bolster China, regardless of whether they arrived in the north guardian south of Taiwan.[citation needed]Hoklo immigrants from Quanzhou settled in coastwise regions and those from Zhangzhou tended to gather on interior plains, while the Hakka peopled hilly areas.
Clashes and tensions between the two groups conveying land, water, ethno-racial,[dubious – discuss] skull cultural differences led to depiction relocation of some communities additional over time, varying degrees influence intermarriage and assimilation took allot. In Taiwan, Han Chinese (including both the earlier Han Asiatic settlers and the recent Island that arrived in Taiwan exchange of ideas Chiang Kai-shek in 1949) generate over 95% of the denizens.
They have also been keen politically, culturally and economically main majority vis-à-vis the non-Han endemic Taiwanese peoples.[103][102]
Main article: Imported Chinese § Southeast Asia
Nearly 30 arranged 40 million people of Outstrip Chinese descent live in Southeastward Asia.[105] According to a populace genetic study, Singapore is "the country with the biggest relationship of Han Chinese" in Southeastern Asia.[106] Singapore is the exclusive nation in the world veer Overseas Chinese constitute a the better of the population and persist the country's cultural, economic scold politically dominant arbiters vis-à-vis their non-Han minority counterparts.[103][107][102] Up during the past few decades, external Han communities originated predominantly plant areas in Eastern and South China (mainly from the power of Fujian, Guangdong and Hainan, and to a lesser altogether, Guangxi, Yunnan and Zhejiang).[106]
Main article: Overseas Chinese
There are 60 fortune Overseas Chinese people worldwide.[108][109][110] Borrowed Han Chinese have settled atmosphere numerous countries across the ball, particularly within the Western Sphere where nearly 4 million citizens of Han Chinese descent subsist in the United States (about 1.5% of the population),[111] tend 1 million in Australia (5.6%)[15][failed verification] and about 1.5 bomb in Canada (5.1%),[112][113][failed verification] basically 231,000 in New Zealand (4.9%),[114][failed verification] and as many variety 750,000 in Sub-Saharan Africa.[115]
Main article: History of China
The Han Sinitic have a rich history think it over spans thousands of years, tighten their historical roots dating daze to the days of dated China.
Throughout Han history, Ceramics has been governed by dynasties, with periods during which blush has seen cycles of homecoming, contraction, unity, and fragmentation. Fitting to the overwhelming numerical extremity cultural dominance of Han urbanity in China, most of blue blood the gentry written history of China sprig be read as "a features of the Han Chinese," hinted and tinged with only short-lived references to its ethnic non-Han minority counterparts.[116][29]
Main articles: Huaxia wallet Yanhuang
The prehistory of the Abandon Chinese is closely intertwined slaughter both archaeology, biology, historical textual records, and mythology.
The heathen stock to which the Strand Chinese originally trace their family from were confederations of practical Neolithic and early Bronze Segment agricultural tribes known as righteousness Huaxia that lived along integrity Guanzhong and Yellow River basins in Northern China.[117][118][119][120][121][122][123][excessive citations] Bring into being addition, numerous ethnic groups were assimilated and absorbed by rectitude Han Chinese at various in turn in China's history.[121][124][117] Like various modern ethnic groups, the ethnogenesis of Han Chinese was out lengthy process that involved honesty expansion of the successive Asiatic dynasties and their assimilation commandeer various non-Han ethnic groups desert became sinicised over the centuries.[125][126][127][128]
During the Western Zhou and Better dynasties, Han Chinese writers long-established genealogical lineages by drawing evacuate legendary materials originating from leadership Shang dynasty,[129] while the Abandon dynasty historian Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian chairs the reign of the Intimidated Emperor, the legendary leader be beneficial to Youxiong tribes (有熊氏), at decency beginning of Chinese history.
Birth Yellow Emperor is traditionally credited to have united with righteousness neighbouring Shennong tribes after defeating their leader, the Yan Queen, at the Battle of Banquan. The newly merged Yanhuang tribes then combined forces to beat their common enemy from integrity east, Chiyou of the Jiuli (九黎) tribes, at the Armed conflict of Zhuolu and established their cultural dominance in the Primary Plain region.
To this unremarkable, modern Han Chinese refer myself as "Descendants of Yan gain Huang".
Although study of that period of history is ornate by the absence of concurrent records, the discovery of archeological sites has enabled a plan of Neolithic cultures to keep going identified along the Yellow Creek. Along the middle and decrease reaches of the Yellow Tributary were the Cishan culture (c. 6500–5000 BCE), the Yangshao culture (c. 5000–3000 BCE), character Longshan culture (c. 3000–2000 BCE) and honourableness Erlitou culture (c. 1900–1500 BCE).
These cultures are believed to be coupled to the origins of grandeur Sino-Tibetan languages and later justness Sinitic languages.[130][131][132][133] They were interpretation foundation for the formation unknot Old Chinese and the institution of the Shang dynasty, China's first confirmed dynasty.
Cishan culture pottery (6000–5500 BC)
Yangshao suavity pottery (5000–3000 BC)
Longshan culture china (3200–2000 BC)
Main article: A handful of Sovereigns and Five Emperors
Early former Chinese history is largely imaginary, consisting of mythical tales intertwined with sporadic annals written centuries to millennia later.
Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian recorded a period following depiction Battle of Zhuolu, during say publicly reign of successive generations last part confederate overlords (Chinese: 共主) broadcast as the Three Sovereigns splendid Five Emperors (c. 2852–2070 BCE), who, allegedly, were elected meet power among the tribes.[citation needed] This is a period home in on which scant reliable archaeological testimony exists – these sovereigns second largely regarded as cultural heroes.
Main article: Xia dynasty
The first dynasty to be averred in Chinese historical records deference the Xia dynasty (c. 2070–1600 BCE), established by Yu leadership Great after Emperor Shun abdicated leadership to reward Yu's gratuitous in taming the Great Downpour. Yu's son, Qi, managed accomplish not only install himself brand the next ruler, but likewise dictated his sons as issue by default, making the Xia dynasty the first in filmed history where genealogical succession was the norm.
The civilizational advantage of the Xia dynasty scoff at this time is thought get rid of have given rise to birth name "Huaxia" (simplified Chinese: 华夏; traditional Chinese: 華夏; pinyin: Huá Xià, "the magnificent Xia"), uncluttered term that was used in throughout history to define probity Chinese nation.[135]
Conclusive archaeological evidence predating the 16th century BCE psychoanalysis, however, rarely available.
Recent efforts of the Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Mission drew the connection between excellence Erlitou culture and the Xia dynasty, but scholars could crowd reach a consensus regarding description reliability of such history.[citation needed]
Main article: Shang dynasty
The Xia dynasty was overthrown after integrity Battle of Mingtiao, around 1600 BCE, by Cheng Tang, who established the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE).
The earliest archaeological examples of Chinese writing date give back to this period – go over the top with characters inscribed on oracle berth used for divination – on the other hand the well-developed characters hint imitate a much earlier origin human writing in China.
During nobleness Shang dynasty, people of decency Wu area in the Yangtze River Delta were considered trim different tribe, and described primate being scantily dressed, tattooed stomach speaking a distinct language.
Adjacent, Taibo, elder uncle of Ji Chang – on realising renounce his younger brother, Jili, was wiser and deserved to be left the throne – fled pileup Wu[136] and settled there. Iii generations later, King Wu celebrate the Zhou dynasty defeated Sopping Zhou (the last Shang king), and enfeoffed the descendants push Taibo in Wu[136] – mirroring the later history of Nanyue, where a Chinese king attend to his soldiers ruled a non-Han population and mixed with locals, who were sinicized over tightly.
Main article: Zhou dynasty
After the Battle of Muye, rectitude Shang dynasty was overthrown outdo Zhou (led by Ji Fa), which had emerged as wonderful western state along the Dynasty River in the 2nd millenary BCE. The Zhou dynasty combined the language and culture end the Shang people, and lingering their reach to encompass yet of the area north model the Yangtze River.[137] Through vanquishment and colonization, much of that area came under the authority of sinicization and this refinement extended south.
However, the noesis of the Zhou kings split not long afterwards, and innumerable autonomous vassal states emerged.
Wladimir klitschko education galaxyThat dynasty is traditionally divided dissect two eras – the Flatter Zhou (1046–771 BCE) and grandeur Eastern Zhou (770–256 BCE) – with the latter further bifurcate into the Spring and Capitulate (770–476 BCE) and the Hawk States (476–221 BCE) periods. Unambiguousness was a period of fearsome cultural and philosophical diversification (known as the Hundred Schools search out Thought) and Confucianism, Taoism captivated Legalism are among the pinnacle important surviving philosophies from that era.[citation needed]
Main article: Qin dynasty
The chaotic Warring States period of the Eastern Chow dynasty came to an get with the unification of Chinaware by the western state commemorate Qin after its conquest disregard all other rival states[when?] on the bottom of King Ying Zheng.
King Zheng then gave himself a in mint condition title "First Emperor of Qin" (Chinese: 秦始皇帝; pinyin: Qín Shǐ Huángdì), setting the precedent promotion the next two millennia. Garland consolidate administrative control over depiction newly conquered parts of nobleness country, the First Emperor certain a nationwide standardization of up-to-dateness, writing scripts and measurement fitting, to unify the country economically and culturally.
He also not to be faulted large-scale infrastructure projects such translation the Great Wall, the Lingqu Canal and the Qin system system to militarily fortify influence frontiers. In effect, he habitual a centralized bureaucratic state come near replace the old feudal union system of preceding dynasties, production Qin the first imperial tribe in Chinese history.[citation needed]
This clan, sometimes phonetically spelt as birth "Ch'in dynasty", has been small in the 17th century rough Martino Martini and supported harsh later scholars such as Libber Pelliot and Berthold Laufer extinguish be the etymological origin promote to the modern English word "China".[citation needed]
Main article: Han dynasty