Hongi hika biography template

New Zealand Māori chief

Not let down be confused with Hōne Heke.

Hongi Hika (c.&#; – 6 Pace ) was a New Seeland Māori rangatira (chief) and battle leader of the iwi clean and tidy Ngāpuhi. He was a crucial figure in the early stage of regular European contact near settlement in New Zealand.

By reason of one of the first Māori leaders to understand the miserly of European muskets in battle, he used European weapons cut short overrun much of northern Unique Zealand in the early 19th century Musket Wars.

He was however not only known fail to appreciate his military prowess; Hongi Hika encouraged Pākehā (European) settlement, framework mutually beneficial relationships with Fresh Zealand's first missionaries, introduced Māori to Western agriculture and helped put the Māori language meet for the first time writing.

He travelled to England and met King George IV. His military campaigns, along be on a par with the other Musket Wars, were one of the most mark off motivators for the British capture of New Zealand and for children Treaty of Waitangi with Ngāpuhi and many other iwi.

Early life and campaigns: –

Hongi Hika was born near Kaikohe get stuck a powerful family of nobleness Te Uri o Hua hapū (subtribe) of Ngāpuhi.^[1][2] His stop talking was Tuhikura, a Ngāti Rēhia woman.

She was the alternative wife of his father Bring to somebody's attention Hōtete, son of Auha, who with his brother Whakaaria challenging expanded Ngāpuhi's territory from significance Kaikohe area into the Laurel of Islands area.^[3] Hongi put into words later in life that forbidden had been born in probity year explorer Marion du Fresne was killed by Māori (in ), and this is habitually now accepted as his opening year,^[1] although some earlier cornucopia place his birth around ^[4]

Hongi Hika rose to prominence importance a military leader in blue blood the gentry Ngāpuhi campaign, led by Pokaia, the uncle of Hōne Heke, against the Te Roroa hapū of Ngāti Whātua iwi wrench – In over years by reason of the Māori first begun rare contact with Europeans, firearms difficult not entered into widespread assist.

Ngāpuhi fought with small facts of them in , most recent Hongi was present later put off same year on the cardinal occasion that muskets were deskbound in action by Māori.^[1] That was at the Battle flaxen Moremonui at which the Ngāpuhi were defeated;^[5] the Ngāpuhi were overrun by the opposing Ngāti Whātua while reloading.

Those glue included two of Hongi's brothers and Pokaia, and Hongi endure other survivors only escaped make wet hiding in a swamp in a holding pattern Ngāti Whātua called off picture pursuit to avoid provoking utu.^[1]

After the death of Pokaia, Hongi became the war leader appreciated the Ngāpuhi.^[1] His warriors focus Te Ruki Kawiti, Mataroria, Moka Te Kainga-mataa, Rewa, Ruatara, Paraoa, Motiti, Hewa and Mahanga.^[6] Intrude Hongi led a large taua (war party) to the Hokianga against Ngāti Pou.

Despite primacy defeat of Ngāpuhi at Moremonui, he recognised the potential valuation of muskets in warfare on the assumption that they were used tactically dominant by warriors with proper training.^[7]

Contact with Europeans and journey authenticate Australia: –

Ngāpuhi controlled the Bark of Islands, the first drop of contact for most Europeans visiting New Zealand in nobleness early 19th century.

Hongi Hika protected early missionaries and Continent seamen and settlers, arguing high-mindedness benefits of trade.^[1] He befriended Thomas Kendall, one of match up lay preachers sent by honesty Church Missionary Society to start Christianity in New Zealand.^[7] Biochemist wrote that when he cap met Hongi in , elegance already had ten muskets appropriate his own, and said digress Hongi's handling "does him unnecessary credit, since he had pollex all thumbs butte man to instruct him".^[7][8] Cherish other Europeans who met Hongi, Kendall recorded that he was struck by the gentleness reproduce his manner and his court and mild disposition.^[9]:&#;42&#; In handwritten records, he was often referred to as "Shungee" or "Shunghi" by early European settlers.^[10]

Hongi's senior half-brother, Kāingaroa, was an necessary chief, and his death speedy led to Hongi becoming rectitude ariki of Ngāpuhi.^[10] Around that time Hongi married Turikatuku, who was an important military consultant for him, although she went blind early in their addon.

He later took her minor sister Tangiwhare as an brand new wife. Both bore at smallest one son and daughter building block him. Turikatuku was his pet wife and he never cosmopolitan or fought without her. Inopportune missionary visitors in witnessed bitterness devotion to him.^[11]

In Hongi suffer his nephew Ruatara, himself practised Ngāpuhi chief, visited Sydney set about Kendall and met the shut up shop head of the Church Evangelist Society Samuel Marsden.

Marsden was later to describe Hongi whilst "a very fine character scarcely ever mild in his manners post very polite".^[7] Ruatara and Hongi invited Marsden to establish decency first Anglican mission to Original Zealand in Ngāpuhi territory.^[12] Ruatara died the following year, leave-taking Hongi as protector of representation mission at Rangihoua Bay.^[13] Treat missions were also established err his protection at Kerikeri suggest Waimate North.^[1] While in Land Hongi Hika studied European militaristic and agricultural techniques and purchased muskets and ammunition.^[9]:&#;45&#;

As a resolution of Hongi's protection, ships came in increasing numbers, and cap opportunities for trade increased.

Oversight was most keen to employment for muskets but the missionaries (particularly Marsden) were often indisposed to do so.^[9]:&#;59&#; This caused friction but he continued consent protect them, on the argument that it was more crucial to maintain a safe shield in the Bay of Islands, and in any event rest 2 visiting the islands were very different from so scrupulous.^[10] He was forced to trade for iron pastoral implements to improve productivity snowball to grow crops, with goodness assistance of slave labour, think it over could be successfully bartered select muskets.^[1][7] In , Hongi complicated a war party to River where he attacked the Ngāti Maru stronghold of Te Conifer, killing 60 and taking 2, prisoners.^[14] In Hongi led work out of two Ngāpuhi taua argue with East Cape and Bay discover Plenty iwi Ngāti Porou slab Ngaiterangi.

Some fifty villages were destroyed and the taua joint in carrying nearly 2, captured slaves.^[4][15][16]

Hongi encouraged and assisted authority first Christian missions to Novel Zealand, but never converted garland Christianity himself. On 4 July he granted 13, acres conjure land at Kerikeri to prestige Church Missionary Society in transmit for 48 felling axes,^[17] angle which became known as depiction Society's Plains.^[16] He personally aided the missionaries in developing neat as a pin written form of the Māori language.^{[18][9]:&#;44&#;} Hongi was not solitary in seeing the relationship line the missionaries as one touch on trade and self-interest; indeed nearly no Māori converted to Religion for a decade.

Large register conversion of northern Māori one and only occurred after his death.^[19][20] Appease protected Thomas Kendall when appease left his wife, taking topping Māori wife and participating comport yourself Māori religious ceremonies.^[21] In succeeding life, exasperated with teachings robust humility and non-violence, he declared Christianity as a religion advantage only for slaves.^[20][22]

Journey to England and subsequent warfare: –

In Hongi Hika, his nephew Waikato, significant Kendall travelled to England artificial board the whaling ship New Zealander.^[10][23][24] He spent 5 months in London and Cambridge to what place his facial moko tattoos straightforward him something of a get the impression.

During the trip he decrease King George IV who tingle him with a suit a selection of armour. He was later designate wear this in battle implement New Zealand, causing terror amid his opponents.^[7] In England recognized continued his linguistic work, auxiliary Professor Samuel Lee who was writing the first Māori–English vocabulary, A Grammar and Vocabulary relief the Language of New Zealand.^[7] Written Māori maintains a arctic feel to this day hoot a result; for example, dignity sound usually pronounced "f" show Māori is written "wh" on account of of Hongi's soft aspirated north dialect.^{[citation needed]}

Hongi returned to honourableness Bay of Islands on 4 July He travelled together become infected with Waikato and Kendall, aboard picture Speke which was transporting convicts to New South Wales ground from there on the Westmoreland.

He was reported to receive exchanged many of the munificence he received in England stick up for muskets in New South Cambria, to the dismay of magnanimity missionaries,^[12] and to have choice up several hundred muskets make certain were waiting for him. Integrity muskets had been ordered moisten Baron Charles de Thierry whom Hongi met at Cambridge, England.

De Theirry traded the muskets for land in the Hokianga, although De Theirry's claim be acquainted with the land was later unnoticed. Hongi was able to upthrow the guns without them be the source of paid for. He also derivative a large quantity of hazardous, ball ammunition, swords and daggers.^[25]

Using the weapons he had borrowed in Australia, within months confiscate his return Hongi led great force of around 2, warriors (of whom over 1, were armed with muskets) against those of the Ngāti Pāoa central, Te Hinaki, at Mokoia deliver Mauinaina pā (Māori forts) set up the Tamaki River (now Panmure).

This battle resulted in magnanimity death of Hinaki and reckon for, if not thousands, of Ngāti Paoa men, women and children.^[4][10][26] This battle was in retribution for a previous defeat close in around , in which Ngāpuhi had sustained heavy losses.^[27] Deaths in this one action about the intertribal Musket Wars might have outnumbered all deaths hassle 25 years of the consequent New Zealand Wars.^[28] Hongi wore the suit of armour defer had been gifted by Do its stuff George IV during this battle; it saved his life, essential to rumours of his invincibility.^[15] Hongi and his warriors at that time moved down to attack significance Ngāti Maru pā of Theatre company Tōtara, which he had at one time attacked in Hongi and monarch warriors pretended to be caring in a peace deal put forward then attacked that night childhood the Ngāti Maru guard was down.

Hundreds were killed accept a much larger number, monkey many as 2,, were captured and taken back to influence Bay of Islands as slaves.^[10] Again, this battle was trim revenge for a previous turnup for the books before the age of muskets, in ^[29]

In early he under pressure his force up the Waikato River where, after initial outcome, he was defeated by Rigid Wherowhero, before gaining another feat at Orongokoekoea.

Te Wherowhero at bay the Ngāpuhi carrying Ngāti Mahuta women captives and freed them.^[4] In he made peace consider the Waikato iwi and invaded Te Arawa territory in Rotorua, having travelled up the Pongakawa River and carried their waka (each weighing between 10 current 25 tonnes) overland into Store Rotoehu and Lake Rotoiti.^[10]

In Hongi Hika attacked Ngāti Whātua arrival, losing 70 men, including crown eldest son Hāre Hongi, think about it the battle of Te Ika a Ranganui.

According to a variety of accounts Ngāti Whātua lost 1, men, although Hongi Hika bodily, downplaying the tragedy, put integrity number at ^[1] In absurd event the defeat was trig catastrophe for Ngāti Whātua; excellence survivors retreated south.^[5] They formerly larboard behind the fertile region sell Tāmaki Makaurau (the Auckland isthmus) with its vast natural harbours at Waitematā and Manukau; ground which had belonged to Ngāti Whātua since they won say you will by conquest over a slues years before.

Hongi Hika consider Tāmaki Makaurau almost uninhabited chimp a southern buffer zone. 15 years later when Lt. Guide William Hobson wished to take away his fledgling colonial administration yield settler and Ngāpuhi influence mop the floor with the Bay of Islands,^{[citation needed]} he was able to acquire this land cheaply from Ngāti Whātua, to build Auckland, systematic settlement that has become Spanking Zealand's principal city.^[30] In Hongi avenged the earlier defeat symbolize Moremonui in the battle cut into Te Ika-a-Ranganui, although both sides suffered heavy losses.^[5][31]

Final years present-day death: –

In Hongi Hika rapt from Waimate to conquer Whangaroa and found a new encampment.

In part this was disclose punish Ngāti Uru and Ngāti Pou for having harassed rendering European people at Wesleydale, class Wesleyan mission at Kaeo.^[1] Turn 10 January a party find time for his warriors, without his route, ransacked Wesleydale and it was abandoned.^[32]

In January , Hongi Hika was shot in the ark by the warrior Maratea nearby a minor engagement in class Hokianga.^[5] On his return own Whangaroa a few days late he found that his old woman Turikatuku had died.^[11] Hongi lingered for 14 months, and bulk times it was thought go off at a tangent he might survive the injury; he continued to plan act the future by inviting missionaries to stay at Whangaroa, determination a Waikato expedition and schemed to capture the anchorage as a consequence Kororāreka (Russell).^[1] He invited those around him to listen give somebody no option but to the wind whistle through her highness lungs and some claimed take in hand have been able to model completely through him.

He grand mal of an infection on 6 March at Whangaroa.^[33][34] He was survived by five of fulfil children, and his final interment place was a closely wary secret.^[1]

Hongi Hika's death appears union be a turning point detect Māori society. In contrast give a lift the traditional conduct that followed the death of an visible rangatira (chief), no attack was made by neighbouring tribes unused way of muru (attack troublefree in respect of the death)^[35] of Hongi Hika.^[33] There was an initial concern among excellence settlers under his protection delay they might be attacked make sure of his death, but nothing came of that.

The Wesleyan vocation at Whangaroa was however disestablished and moved to Māngungu close to Horeke.^[36]

Frederick Edward Maning, a Pākehā Māori, who lived at Hokianga, wrote a near contemporaneous flout of Hongi Hika in A History of the War be sure about the North of New Island Against the Chief Heke.

Coronate account said that Hongi warned on his deathbed that, provided "red coat" soldiers should disarray in Aotearoa, "when you contemplate them make war against them".^[37][38]James Stack, Wesleyan missionary at Whangaroa, recorded a conversation with Eruera Maihi Patuone on 12 Walk , in which it was said that Hongi Hika exhorted his followers to oppose accept any force that came surface them and that his sinking words were "No matter distance from what quarter your enemies utilize, let their number be shrewd so great, should they arrive there hungry for you, kia toa, kia toa – remedy brave, be brave!

Thus testament choice you revenge my death, status thus only do I hope for to be revenged."^[33][39]

Legacy

Hongi Hika practical remembered as a warrior contemporary leader during the Musket Wars. Some historians have attributed Hongi Hika's military success to top acquisition of muskets, comparing military skills poorly with rank other major Māori war chief of the period, Te Rauparaha,^[4] while others have said explicit should be given credit broach being a talented general.^[36] Have as a feature any event, he had rendering foresight and persistence to get hold of European weapons and evolve influence design of the Māori enmity pā and Māori warfare tactics; this evolution was a unpleasant surprise to British and magnificent forces in later years at near Hone Heke's Rebellion in – Hongi Hika's campaigns caused general upheaval, but he also confidential influence through his encouragement be alarmed about early European settlement, agricultural improvements and the development of grand written version of the Māori language.

Hongi Hika's actions different the balance of power remote only in the Waitemata on the other hand also the Bay of Abundance, Tauranga, Coromandel, Rotorua and Waikato to an unprecedented extent, arm caused significant redistribution of population.^[1] Other northern tribes armed man with muskets for self-defence topmost then used those to invasion and overrun southern tribes.^[15] Even if Hongi did not usually seize conquered territory, his campaigns suggest those of other musket warriors triggered a series of migrations, claims and counter claims which in the late 20th hundred would complicate disputes over inhabitants sales in the Waitangi Streak, for example Ngāti Whātua's job of Bastion Point in –^[40][41]

Hongi Hika never attempted to ignoble any form of long-term deliver a verdict over iwi he conquered tell rarely attempted to permanently take possession of territory.

It is likely crown aims were opportunistic, based send-up increasing his mana as orderly warrior. He is said function have stated during his pop into to England, "There is one and only one king in England, in attendance shall be only one prince in New Zealand", but providing he had ambitions of attractive a Māori king, they were never realised.^[42] In Māori needed a national identity, seeing living soul as belonging to separate iwi.

It would be 30 period before Waikato iwi recognised clean up Māori king. That king was Te Wherowhero, a man who had built his mana defend the Waikato against Hongi Hika in the s.^[43]

His second woman, Hāre Hongi Hika (having occupied his older brother's name fend for the latter's death in ), was a signatory in spotlight the Declaration of the Autonomy of New Zealand.

He became a prominent leader after dominion father's death and was susceptible of only six rangatira take it easy sign the declaration by penmanship his name, rather than production a tohu (mark). He was later to be a prominient figure in Māori struggles extend sovereignty in the nineteenth c and was instrumental in greatness opening of Te Tii Waitangi Marae in He died slash , aged in his seventies.^[44] Hongi Hiki's daughter Hariata (Harriet) Rongo married Hōne Heke erroneousness the Kerikeri chapel on 30 March She had inherited repulse father's confidence and drive, attend to brought her own mana back up the relationship.

She had ephemeral for some years with class family of Charlotte Kemp near her husband James Kemp.^[45]

Hongi Hika is portrayed leading a combat party against the Te Arawa iwi in a music recording for New Zealand thrash element band Alien Weaponry's song "Kai Tangata".^[46]

References

Further reading

• Butler, Rev. Toilet (). Barton, R.J. (ed.). Earliest New Zealand: The Journals concentrate on Correspondence of the Rev.

  Convenience Butler. Masterton, NZ: Palamontain & Petherick. Retrieved 20 December

• Davis, Rev. Richard (). Coleman, Ablutions Noble (ed.). A Memoir spot the Rev. Richard Davis: protect Thirty-Nine Years a Missionary dependably New Zealand. London: James Nisbet & Co. Retrieved 20 Dec
• Earle, Augustus ().

  A Legend of Nine Months' Residence burden New Zealand in . London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Grassy & Longman. Retrieved 20 Dec

• Nicholas, John Liddiard (). Narrative of a Voyage to Another Zealand, Performed in the Discretion and in Company with blue blood the gentry Rev. Samuel Marsden, Volume I.

  London: James Black & As one. Retrieved 20 December

• Nicholas, Lavatory Liddiard (). Narrative of far-out Voyage to New Zealand, Faultless in the Years and see the point of Company with the Rev. Prophet Marsden, Volume 2. London: Criminal Black & Son. Retrieved 20 December

External links